Status Anxiety
Status Anxiety
Botton, Alain De
Acclaim for Alain de Botton’s
STATUS ANXIETY
“A generous and humane book that offers thought-provoking solutions to status anxiety…. De Botton’s answers, buttressed by a wealth of insightful quotes and wonderful artwork, are as compelling as they are crisply laid out. A readable, edifying exploration of our fears about where we stand in society and how we can best mitigate our concerns.”
—
San Francisco Chronicle
“Clever and wise. De Botton’s gift is to prompt us to think how we live and, just as importantly, how we might change things.”
—
The Times (London)
“Thought-provoking…. De Botton is a man of excellent taste …[choosing] magnificent passages from Adam Smith, William James, Friedrich Engels et al.”
—
Los Angeles Times
“Where other media-minded intellectuals offer their readers a diet of know-it-all certitudes garnished with sarcasm and raucous indignation, de Botton is always solicitous, unopinionated and self-deprecating…. This is philosophy in the manner or Montaigne or Thomas Browne …a gentle stoicism reminding us that when things do not pan out as we would like, it may be better to amend our desires than to try changing the world.”
—
The Times Literary Supplement
“Illuminating…. As in his other clever and insightful books, de Botton has chosen a single topic and explores its myriad possibilities with clarity and precision…. With clear and often comical prose, he leads us to our own insights into the human condition.”
—
The Times-Picayune (New Orleans)
“[De Botton] has such an original point of view, we listen, just to get his new take on whatever subject he brings up.”
—
Chicago Tribune
“De Botton analyses modern society with great charm, learning and humor…. And it’s clear that de Botton’s purpose is serious and highly sophisticated. He reaches to the heart of a troubling paradox. Why is it that we who enjoy lives of unparalleled prosperity are still capable of feeling miserable? His remedies come as a welcome relief.”
—
Daily Mail
“As de Botton zig-zags through history collecting examples and illustrating points, his reasoning acquires an elegant simplicity…. A lively and wise little book.”
—
The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
“
Status Anxiety
confirms [the] impression [that de Botton is] an expert in just about anything…. It isn’t that he’s working with new material. Every fact he cites is part of the known universe. It’s that he cites it with wit and wonder, offering a heaping helping of art, philosophy, science and social gamesmanship.”
—
The Charleston Post and Courier
“Perceptive…. Like any good shrink, de Botton first analyses our obsession with status, then diagnoses five ways to deal with it…. His prescription for leading a happier life is a powerful one.”
—
New Statesman
Alain de Botton
STATUS ANXIETY
Alain de Botton is the author of three previous works of fiction and three of nonfiction, including
The Art of Travel
,
The Consolations of Philosophy
, and
How Proust Can Change Your Life.
He lives in London. More information can be found at
www.alaindebotton.com
.
ALSO BY ALAIN DE BOTTON
On Love
The Romantic Movement
Kiss & Tell
How Proust Can Change Your Life
The Consolations of Philosophy
The Art of Travel
CONTENTS
CAUSES
I. Lovelessness
II. Expectation
III. Meritocracy
IV. Snobbery
V. Dependence
SOLUTIONS
I. Philosophy
II. Art
III. Politics
IV. Religion
V. Bohemia
DEFINITIONS
Status
– One's position in society; the word derived from the Latin
statum
or standing (past participle of the verb
stare,
to stand).
– In a narrow sense, the word refers to one’s legal or professional standing within a group (married, a lieutenant, etc.). But in the broader—and here more relevant—sense, to one’s value and importance in the eyes of the world.
– Different societies have awarded status to different groups: hunters, fighters, ancient families, priests, knights, fecund women. Increasingly since 1776, status in the West (the vague but comprehensible territory here under discussion) has been awarded in relation to financial achievement.
– The consequences of high status are pleasant. They include resources, freedom, space, comfort, time and, as importantly perhaps, a sense of being cared for and thought valuable—conveyed through invitations, flattery, laughter (even when the joke lacked bite), deference and attention.
– High status is thought by many (but freely admitted by few) to be one of the finest of earthly goods.
Status Anxiety
– A worry, so pernicious as to be capable of ruining extended stretches of our lives, that we are in danger of failing to conform to the ideals of success laid down by our society and that we may as a result be stripped of dignity and respect; a worry that we are currently occupying too modest a rung or are about to fall to a lower one.
– The anxiety is provoked by, among other elements, recession, redundancy, promotions, retirement, conversations with colleagues in the same industry, newspaper profiles of the prominent and the greater success of friends. Like confessing to envy (to which the emotion is related), it can be socially imprudent to reveal the extent of any anxiety and, therefore, evidence of the inner drama is uncommon, limited usually to a preoccupied gaze, a brittle smile or an over-extended pause after news of another’s achievement.
– If our position on the ladder is a matter of such concern, it is because our self-conception is so dependent upon what others make of us. Rare individuals aside (Socrates, Jesus), we rely on signs of respect from the world to feel tolerable to ourselves.
– More regrettably still, status is hard to achieve and even harder to maintain over a lifetime. Except in societies where it is fixed at birth and our veins flow with noble blood, our position hangs on what we can achieve; and we may fail due to stupidity or an absence of self-knowledge, macro-economics or malevolence.
– And from failure will flow humiliation: a corroding awareness that we have been unable to convince the world of our value and are henceforth condemned to consider the successful with bitterness and ourselves with shame.
Thesis
– That status anxiety possesses an exceptional capacity to inspire sorrow.
– That the hunger for status, like all appetites, can have its uses: spurring us to do justice to our talents, encouraging excellence, restraining us from harmful eccentricities and cementing members of a society around a common value system. But, like all appetites, its excesses can also kill.
– That the most profitable way of addressing the condition may be to attempt to understand and to speak of it.
PART ONE
CAUSES
I
LOVELESSNESS
Our Need for Love, Our Desire for Status
1.
Every adult life could be said to be defined by two great love stories. The first—the story of our quest for sex
ual love—is well known and well charted, its vagaries form the staple of music and literature, it is socially accepted and celebrated. The second—the story of our quest for love from the world—is a more secret and shameful tale. If mentioned, it tends to be in caustic, mocking terms, as something of interest chiefly to envious or deficient souls, or else the drive for status is interpreted in an economic sense alone. And yet this second love story is no less intense than the first, it is no less complicated, important or universal, and its setbacks are no less painful. There is heartbreak here too.
2.
Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (Edinburgh, 1759): “ To what purpose is all the toil and bustle of this world? What is the end of avarice and ambition, of the pursuit of wealth, of power and pre-eminence? Is it to supply the necessities of nature? The wages of the meanest labourer can supply them. What then are the advantages of that great purpose of human life which we call bettering our condition?
“To be observed, to be attended to, to be taken notice of with sympathy, complacency, and approbation, are all the advantages which we can propose to derive from it. The rich man glories in his riches because he feels that they naturally draw upon him the attention of the world. The poor man on the contrary is ashamed of his poverty. He feels that it places him out of the sight of mankind. To feel that we are taken no notice of necessarily disappoints the most ardent desires of human nature. The poor man goes out and comes in unheeded, and when in the midst of a crowd is in the same obscurity as if shut up in his own hovel. The man of rank and distinction, on the contrary, is observed by all the world. Everybody is eager to look at him. His actions are the objects of the public care. Scarce a word, scarce a gesture that fall from him will be neglected.”
3.
The predominant impulse behind our desire to rise in the social hierarchy may be rooted not so much in the material goods we can accrue or the power we can wield as in the amount of love we stand to receive as a consequence of high status. Money, fame and influence may be valued more as tokens of—and means to—love rather than ends in themselves.
How may a word, generally used only in relation to what we would expect or hope for from a parent, or a romantic partner, be applied to something we might want from and be offered by the world? Perhaps we can define love, at once in its familial, sexual and worldly forms, as a kind of respect, a sensitivity on the part of one person to another’s existence. To be shown love is to feel ourselves the object of concern: our presence is noted, our name is registered, our views are listened to, our failings are treated with indulgence and our needs are ministered to. And under such care, we flourish. There may be differences between romantic and status forms of love—the latter has no sexual dimension, it cannot end in marriage, those who offer it usually bear secondary motives—and yet status beloveds will, just like romantic ones, enjoy protection under the benevolent gaze of appreciative others.
People who hold important positions in society are commonly labelled “somebodies,” and their inverse “nobodies”—both of which are, of course, nonsensical descriptors, for we are all, by necessity, individuals with distinct identities and comparable claims on existence. Such words are nevertheless an apt vehicle for conveying the disparate treatment accorded to different groups. Those without status are all but invisible: they are treated brusquely by others, their complexities trampled upon and their singularities ignored.
While there will inevitably be economic ramifications, the impact of low status should not be read in material terms alone. The gravest penalty rarely lies—above subsistence levels, at least—in mere physical discomfort; it consists more often, even primarily, in the challenge that low status poses to a person’s sense of self-respect. Provided that it is not accompanied by humiliation, discomfort can be endured for long periods without complaint. For proof of this, we have only to look to the example of the many soldiers and explorers who have, over the centuries, willingly tolerated privations far exceeding those suffered by the poorest members of their societies, so long as they were sustained throughout their hardships by an awareness of the esteem in which they were held by others.
The benefits of high status are similarly seldom limited to wealth. We should not be surprised to find many of the already affluent continuing to accumulate sums beyond anything that five generations might spend. Their endeavours are peculiar only if we insist on a strictly material rationale behind wealth creation. As much as money, they seek the respect that stands to be derived from the process of gathering it. Few of us are determined aesthetes or sybarites, yet almost all of us hunger for dignity; and if a future society were to offer love as a reward for accumulating small plastic discs, then it would not be long before such worthless items too assumed a central place in our most zealous aspirations and anxieties.
4.
William James, The Principles of Psychology (Boston, 1890):
“No more fiendish punishment could be devised, were such a thing physically possible, than that one should be turned loose in society and remain absolutely unnoticed by all the members thereof. If no one turned around when we entered, answered when we spoke, or minded what we did, but if every person we met ‘cut us dead,’ and acted as if we were non-existent things, a kind of rage and impotent despair would before long well up in us, from which the cruellest bodily torture would be a relief.”
5.
How are we affected by an absence of love? Why should being ignored drive us to a “rage and impotent despair” besides which torture itself would be a relief ?
The attentions of others matter to us because we are afflicted by a congenital uncertainty as to our own value, as a result of which affliction we tend to allow others’ appraisals to play a determining role in how we see ourselves. Our sense of identity is held captive by the judgements of those we live among. If they are amused by our jokes, we grow confident in our power to amuse. If they praise us, we develop an impression of high merit. And if they avoid our gaze when we enter a room or look impatient after we have revealed our occupation, we may fall into feelings of self-doubt and worthlessness.
In an ideal world, we would be more impermeable. We would be unshaken whether we were ignored or noticed, admired or ridiculed. If someone praised us insincerely, we would not be unduly seduced. And if we had carried out a fair assessment of our strengths and decided upon our value, another’s suggestion that we were inconsequential would not wound us. We would know our worth. Instead, we each appear to hold within ourselves a range of divergent views as to our native qualities. We discern evidence of both cleverness and stupidity, humour and dullness, importance and superfluity. And amid such uncertainty, we typically turn to the wider world to settle the question of our significance. Neglect highlights our latent negative self-assessments, while a smile or compliment as rapidly brings out the converse. We seem beholden to the affections of others to endure ourselves.
Our “ego” or self-conception could be pictured as a leaking balloon, forever requiring the helium of external love to remain inflated, and ever vulnerable to the smallest pinpricks of neglect. There is something at once sobering and absurd in the extent to which we are lifted by the attentions of others and sunk by their disregard. Our mood may blacken because a colleague greets us distractedly or our telephone calls go unreturned. And we are capable of thinking life worth living because someone remembers our name or sends us a fruit basket.
The Consequences of Love
OTHERS’ ATTITUDE
SELF-IMAGE
You are a failure
I am a disgrace
You are unimportant
I am a nobody
You are dim
I am stupid
I am worthy
I am significant
I am intelligent
OTHERS’ ATTITUDE
SELF-IMAGE
You are successful
I am worthy
You are important
I am significant
You are b
right
I am intelligent
I am a disgrace
I am a nobody
I am stupid
6.
Given the precariousness of our self-image, it should not be surprising that, from an emotional point of view no less than from a material one, we are anxious about the place we occupy in the world. This place will determine how much love we are offered and so, in turn, whether we can like or must lose confidence in ourselves. It holds the key to a commodity of unprecedented importance to us: a love without which we will be unable to trust or abide by our own characters.
II
EXPECTATION
Nikita Khrushchev and Richard Nixon outside the kitchen of the “ Taj Mahal,” at the American National Exhibition, Moscow, 1959
Material Progress
1.
In July 1959, the American vice president, Richard Nixon, travelled to Moscow to open an exhibition showcasing some of his country’s technological and material achievements. The highlight of the exhibition was a full-scale replica of the home of an average member of America’s working class, equipped with fitted carpets, a television in the living room, two en suite bathrooms, central heating and a kitchen with a washing machine, a tumble dryer and a refrigerator.
Reporting on this display, an incensed Soviet press angrily denied that an ordinary American worker could conceivably live in such luxury, and advised its readers to dismiss the entire house as propaganda after mockingly baptising it the “Taj Mahal.”
When Nixon led Nikita Khrushchev around the exhibition, the leader was comparably sceptical. Outside the kitchen of the model home, Khrushchev pointed to an electric lemon squeezer and remarked to Nixon that no one in his right mind would wish to acquire such a “silly gadget.”
“Anything that makes women work less hard must be useful,” suggested Nixon.
“We don’t think of women in terms of workers—like you do in the capitalist system,” snapped an irate Khrushchev.